William Harvey Exhibit Development

The goal of the Smart Board will be to frame the visitor's experience, and provide information that the visitor will find helpful to better understand what we are trying to say with our physical exhibits.

To be included (at this point)

- introductory text from each group which will provide contextualizing information about the project (specific to each group)
- somehow incorporate a picture of the final product (this may change to simply the title of the physical exhibit)
- more information to follow once the introductory text is compiled

Six Sections

"Harvey and Galen"
"Harvey's World" (A bio of sorts, but not done in the style of Keele)
"Harvey the Observer"
"The Heart and Mechanical Philosophy"
"The Work in Progress" (possibly "Team Work") - looks at the project while we constructed it
"Comments" - a place where people can leave notes using the Smart Board; something like an interactive Comments Box

Ideas for February 11 Studio Meeting

Rough brainstorming of ideas to include on the Smart Board

Possible Topics to Cover

- why Galen's theory survived so long (lack of experimentation and practicality) [Bayon]
- Harvey's Royalism (maybe while talking about social context) - "Heart as king of the body"
- "Reluctant Revolutionary"
- supported by Descartes

Question: Should we do a biography? Maybe incorporate like Keele does into something like, "The man, the physician, and the scientist" (touch on here influences like Fabricius)

Feedback from 28 Jan 2009 Meeting

-Need to include contextual information on the smartboard.
-Meg, Lois and Meili volunteer to work on this project—But they are not responsible for writing all the text.
-Other groups are going to tell the Smartboard group which information they want on the board.
-The writing is going to be divided up amongst everyone.
-Should include an acknowledgment section.

Smart Board Info posted by Heather

A smart board uses as computer, projector and the interactive white board (like a giant touch screen) and can work with any program loaded or available to the host computer. It uses ink-less pens(the trough they are held in is actually what recognizes when the pens are in use by their absence from it) , or you can use your finger to write, your finger can also act as a mouse for scrolling and clicking!

What can we do with it?

Youtube has some great examples of smart board in use, perhaps the mot interesting concept is that of a program (open source) called Eduism, which creates 3D environments. check out the youtube video about 3D anatomy! Also Eduism has provided a great video that shows how to program a Wiimote to be a way of navigating around the 3D world. So what can we do - well we could create the type of lab that William Harvey might have had we could show experiments, we could have interactive comment bards, you can make "jeopardy like" games. . . there are so many option, as I'm sure you can tell I find this very exciting! I think that if you take a few minutes and watch some of he you tube videos you will see there are some amazing possibilities!

Links: (all of the software is open source)
Eduism (3D environments) http://edusim3d.com/alpha/
Darwin (used to program Wiimote) http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwiin-remote
CB Model Pro (used to create 3d models to import into Eduism - Google sketchup may do the same thing) http://www.cbmodelpro.com/
Eduism Anatomy videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Vop7EqUpd4&feature=related
Getting started with Eduism Virtual World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wt61J0NFDyU
Eduism+Smartboard+Wiimote 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lR3TriDV1kg
Eduism+Smartboard+Wiimote 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDSbYY_3yPM

Smartboard Meeting

Ideas from the Meeting

Operating theatre as background

Including:

Table
Body on the table

Maybe... contain interactive heart where ‘click’ and open up larger image of the circulatory system...

Visitors gallery
People (maybe, but don’t want it too cluttered)
Interactive windows:

Ideas for inside (generally extra info that supplements exhibit)
Leave open for information from researchers (basically anything that doesn’t fit into exhibit

What we need:

Pictures of “Theatre” from time period
Colour scheme
Familiarize with software (Eduism and Cobalt)

Also make sure these are okay to use

Sketch-Up Interactive Room

Interactive Room.skp

Keep in mind this is only a rough sketch of what we came up with (and some random colours). Any suggestions are more than welcome!

Harvey & Galen

Until the early modern era, understandings of human physiology and pathology were credited to Galen of Pergamum. Perhaps the most influential Greek physician after Hippocrates, Galen refined medicine, however imperfectly, into a science. He was an avid experimenter and frequently dissected living and dead animals. Since human dissection was forbidden, Galen applied his insights into the bodily structure of animals to humans. Galen was not limited to experimental conclusions. He employed a teleological philosophy—the notion that all parts of the body were created for a clearly defined purpose. Much of Galenic physiology is therefore based on speculation and inference. Where quantifiable explanations were simply unavailable, Galen referred to the presence of “spirits” in order to fill the gap in his reasoning.

William Harvey differed from his classical predecessors through experimental and quantitative methodology. Interested predominantly in the process of blood circulation, Harvey avoided authoritative theories of the body. In short, Harvey isolated his phenomena. He dispensed with the work of “spirits” in favor of mathematical and morphological arguments.

Would it be accurate to refer to William Harvey as a “modern scientist”? Not quite. Although Harvey’s methods were removed from classical theory, he did not mark a clean break from antiquity. Eager to dispense of Galen’s suppositions, Harvey was quick to cite Galen when supporting his own conclusions. Moreover, his Aristotelian worldview suggests significant continuity with the past. Perhaps it would be wise to think of Harvey as a transitional figure in the history of medicine.

Meeting Notes

Krista's notes for meeting of 12 Nov 2008

comparison between Galen and Harvey. Concepts of circulation compared.
projection on screen showing the flow of blood according to Galen, using a wii remote to move around parts of human anatomy.
concept of the valves in relation to Harvey, pump and tubing showing how blood flows though and stops. Use of powerade bottle top or sippy cup as valves.

Simon's notes for improvements/suggestions by Dr. Mckellar and co.

* make the presentation perhaps more interactive, movement and the ability to make the figures more stimulating

* another suggestion was to make the bodies more distinguishable, either by changing the image that we use for each body or simply by adding a date above their image.

* provide some type of auditory stimuli, either headphones or some speakers so that we can have sound for when the user is playing around with the program.

* Provide better contextualization for our presentation, to really relay what it is specifically that we are trying to accomplish.

* Provide an understand of the 4 humors for Galen and compare that somehow to Harvey's understanding of circulation.

* One suggestion was that we making it almost quiz like, so provide a basic quiz or series of questions that the user must answer which would then be follower

by some type of an on-screen reaction.

* We can approach it with humor as well, it can be funny! So that we have blood splatter by one of the bodies exploding (or something to that effect)

* We should better explain our understanding of the Harvey Brain - Rather than just saying that he didn't focus on it.

* Make it more fun!!!!

Feedback

physical manipulation of a manikin possibility
two bodies or displays side by side to allow for comparison

12 Jan 2009, feedback
-need for the bodies to be large, using the main projection screen in the room.
-the lack of information on a certain body part isn't a bad thing, as it highlights the differences between the two thinkers. Similarly, if they thought about something the same it speaks to the extent Harvey learned from Galen.
-there may be a few programming glitches with the graphics, however the logic behind it should not be that difficult—to start on programming as soon as rough copy done.

28 Jan 2009, Meeting Feedback
-Need to create two images in either Inkscape or GIMP, to be saved as a .tif or .jpg, should be colourful, and high resolution so when used on large screen the picture works.
-2 cursors, moving simultaneously means that the bodies have to be similar in their location of organs.
-Processing—open previously created image, tie cursors to motions of mouse, if cursor in region than a click creates a pop-up window, if person clicks outside of the body an instruction screen appears.
-To use a mouse initially, may change to a more interactive medium later on.
-Changing colour of the regions when they are being pointed to—later development

Group Plan and Organization

We will be doing a comparison between Galen and Harvey through the use of 'point and shoot' technology that allows viewers to interactively explore the diferences between Galen and Harvey's conceptions of various body parts.
The preliminary plan is to have a projection on screen showing the flow of blood according to Galen, using a wii remote to move around parts of human anatomy, with animations as people click on different items as well as text explanations of the differences and their significance.
An example is the concept of the valves in relation to Harvey, pump and tubing showing how blood flows though and stops. Use of powerade bottle top or sippy cup as valves.
We have broken the group into specialties in order to streamline the work. We have located four main areas of inquiry; the brain, liver heart and lungs. We have also identified the need to understand Galen theories of medicine, specifically the humoral understanding, and Harvey's differences. Simon will be the one to look into this. The specializations have been outlined as follows:

1 Brain - Natalie
2 Liver - Matthew
3 Heart - Ara
4 Lungs - Krista

We plan on creating mini story boards and plans for our particular section of the body and combinding them to create a larger story board for this section of the project. I am of the opinion that 4 - 6 slides each would be suffice as it would create quite the story board if we all did that. This, is of course, up for discussion.

Galen's Pneumatic Theory

Galen had a specific theory regarding the origin of blood and it's purpose within the body. Fundamental to his approach to anatomy was found in his theory of spirits or pneuma that serve specific functions in the body.

Galen had a three-tiered pneumatic system, with the lowest pneuma being natural spirits, middle pneuma as vital spirits, and the highest being the animal spirit. A short explanation here must suffice to give a general conception of how Galen saw the interworking blood and pneuma within the body. The graphical representations should help to explain this as well.

First, Galen believed that blood found its beginning in the intestines (called the alimentary tract). It was transported from the intestines to the liver in the form of “chyle” in the “portal vessel”. The liver had the capacity to perform two functions, first was to develop the chyle into what we know as venous blood, and second to imbue it with what he called natural spirits—innate to all animals.

Once the blood left the liver and entered the venous system and proceeded to the heart where one of two things would happen. First is where most of the blood would remain in the right ventricle, be separated from its impurities that are then exhaled from the lungs where the blood proceeds to. After the impurities are exhaled the blood returns to the venous system. The second is that a small portion of the blood would enter the left ventricle, be imbued with the second type of pneuma called the vital spirit that would then proceed into the arterial system.

Some of this blood imbued with the natural and vital spirits would then proceed to the brain. In this largely mysterious organ Galen postulated that the blood was then imbued with the highest of pneumas, the animal spirits that were then distributed throughout the nervous system.

Summary of Galen
• Intestines provided starting point and fuel (chyle) for the creation of blood
• Liver takes fuel (chyle) and turns it into venous blood, imbuing it with natural spirits
• Heart takes blood and serves as a cleanser and re-deposits blood into the venous system or imbues it with a vital spirit and deposits blood into arterial system.
• Brain receives blood from the arterial system and imbues it with animal spirits and transports that through the nervous system to the rest of the body.

For images and further reading see:

Singer, Charles. A Short History of Anatomy & Physiology From the Greeks to Harvey." New York: Dover Publications, 1957.

Persaud, T. V. N. "Early History of Human Anatomy: From Antiquity to the Beginning of the Modern Era." Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1984."

The Lungs

Galen:
-Thought that the human body thrived on vital spirits which existed in the air, and which were obtained through the trachea and then transferred to the lungs.
-Close association between respiration and the action of the heart.
-Believed that the lungs mix air breathed in with blood. The air arrives through the pulmonary artery and leaves through the right ventricle of the heart.
-Maintained that the arteries contain air, that the pulmonary vein provides nourishment, and that there is a connection between the tracheo-bronchial system and the pulmonary veins.

Harvey:
-The arteries contain blood not air as Galen thought, blood goes from the veins to the arteries without going through the spectum of the heart.
-He did not believe that the red colour of blood coming from the lungs was caused by aeration.
-Blood as the primary source of life, not vital spirits.

Further Reading:
Whitteridge, Gweneth. William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood. New York: American Elsevier Inc, 1971.

Harris, C.R.S. The Heart and Vascular System in Ancient Greek Medicine: From Alcmaeon to Galen. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

Galen – The Brain

-Work deeply influenced by Platonic psychology, Aristotelian biology, humoral model that the body was composed of various elements
-Brain stored animal spirits and then distributed them as required for the purposes of movement and sensation; created anatomical view of the brain; first to observe the brain as the controlling organ of the body
-Air from the lungs brought animal spirits into the brain, where they were stored in ventricles, transported via nerves to make muscles act; ventricles responsible for turning pneuma (warm air necessary to bodily function) into a psychic form to support the soul’s governing capacities
-Believed the rational spirit also housed in the brain; brain was the location of the soul; against widely held belief that rational spirit/mind/soul was in the heart and animation originated there
-Performed dissections and vivisections to understand the brain’s role in the body; discovered that nerve damage to different parts of the brain affected reason/judgement and movement/sensation; identified the brain and heart as having separate functions in the body
-Observed that nerves connected to brain and body controlled by it rather than cardiopulmonary organs
-Believed cardiopulmonary system had a sympathetic response to the emotion (reacted to the reaction of the brain – heart beats faster when emotions in brain triggered), which was more advanced than his foundations permitted him to fully understand

The Heart

Galen

• Blood flows into the heart where it is endowed with “vital spirits.”
• Blood is pumped through the arteries and into the periphery again.
• Blood is constantly pumped outward through the heart, like water in an irrigation channel.
• The heart contains pores.

Harvey

• The heart is king of the body and functions as a pump.
• The heart is a muscle—when it contracts the arteries dilate and are filled with blood.

The Liver

Galen:
• Galen argued that the liver was the vessel that created the blood for the entire body.
• The liver takes nutrients from the intestine, which Galen called chyle
• The liver then uses the chyle to create venous blood, imbuing it with natural spirits
• Once blood left the liver it went to the heart where it would either be purified and re-deposited into the venous system or imbued with vital spirits.
• Key Point: Galen saw the liver as supplying the human body with blood and sending it to the heart.

Harvey:
• Concepts of the liver did not change drastically from Galen’s conception.
• Main difference between Galen and Harvey is that Harvey did not see the liver as the vessel that creates blood—a logical outcropping of his theory of circulation.
• Harvey did believe that the liver received nutrients from the intestines and that the liver then took the nutrients received and deposited them into the venous system.
• Key Point: Harvey saw the liver as feeding the body with necessary nutritive elements.

Useful Reading

I just found this article, which is a comparative look at Galen vs. Harvey. At the end, there is a diagram of both Galen and Harvey's model of the circulatory system, which we could use to go inside each of our bodies. That way, their differences are communicated visually, in the event our programming skills don't allow us to do everything we're envisioning from a circulation perspective. Also, Greek God Circulatory System Man provides a nice model for us, though apparently, he'd need a strategically placed fig leaf.

Mowry, Brian. "From Galen's Thoery to Harvey's Theory: A Case Study in the Rationality of Scientific Theory Change."

It's available online at: http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:10247/mowry_galen_85.pdf

Ideas for Future Additions to Working Beta Version

-circulatory system to be functioning/moving when clicked on; differing concepts of blood flow to be shown in the body, possibly represented by a moving dot or arrow
-show that in reality Galenic body would have exploded based on the amount of blood he thought the liver produced
-representation of "animal spirits" to enhance visual interest
-thought bubble from the brain on the Harvey figure showing something about Harvey's work/thoughts that will explain why there's no facts on the brain for him, because he dedicated all his work to the circulatory system; perhaps one of his experiments (such as the arm), which would connect to another part of the project/exhibit or Harvey's actual drawing of his version of the circulatory system

Code and Programming

Processing Code, As of Feburary 25, 2009:

//Date Began : Feburary 10, 2009
//Harvey and Galen Comparisson, Body images set up.

PImage a;  // Declare variable "a" of type PImage
PFont fontA;
PImage b;
PImage c;
PImage d;
PImage e;


void setup() {
  background (0);
  size(screen.width, screen.height);            //display screen adjusts to sceen size, the image is currently center to my screen,
                                                //so not entirely sure if it will shift when opened on a computer with a sceen of a different size.
  fontA = loadFont("Calibri-Italic-32.vlw");  //selects font, from one created/saved in sketch folder.
  textFont(fontA, 32);
  a = loadImage("Programming1.png");     // Load the image into the program
  b = loadImage ("bubble2.jpg");
  c = loadImage ("bubble3.jpg");
  d = loadImage ("bubble4.jpg");
  e = loadImage ("bubble5.jpg");
}

void draw() {
  image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
  fill(0, 102, 153);
  textSize (32);
  text ("Galen", 440, 180);
  text ("Harvey", 740, 180);
   if (((mouseY>310) && (mouseY<330) &&(mouseX>460) &&(mouseX <470))|| ((mouseY>320) && (mouseY<340) && (mouseX>780) && (mouseX<795))){
    image (d, 20, 260, d.width/1.25, d.height*1.2);  //Galen Heart Box
    textSize(32);
    text ("The Heart", 130,350);
    fill (0,105,108);
    textSize(24);
    text ("-Galen thought that blood", 50, 380);      //Galen Heart Text
     text ("flowed into the heart", 50, 400);
    text ("where it was endowed", 50, 420);
    text ("with vital spirits.", 50, 440);
    text ("-Thought blood was", 50, 470);
    text ("constantly pumped", 50,490);
   text ("out from the heart.",50,510);
    fill(0, 102, 153);
    image (c, 900, 255, c.width/1.25, c.height*1.2);            // Harvey heart box
    textSize (32);
    text ("The Heart", 970, 350);
     fill (0,105,108);
     textSize(24);
    text ("-Harvey believed the heart",950,380);  //Harvey Heart Text
    text ("was the king of the",950,400);
    text ("body.",950, 420);
    text ("-He thought the heart was", 950,450);
   text ("both a pump and a muscle.", 950, 470);
    text ("-The heart was essential", 950, 500);
    text ( "to circulation.", 950, 520);
    noLoop();
  }
    else if ((mouseY >200) && (mouseY <210)){
    image (e, 20, 120, e.width/1.25, e.height*1.5);  //Galen Brain box
    textSize(32);
    text ("The Brain", 120, 200);                      //Galen Brain Text
    fill (0,105,108);
    textSize (24);
    text ("-Galen was the first to", 50,230);
    text ("view the brain as the", 50, 250);
    text ("controlling organ of" ,50,270);
    text ("the body.", 50, 290);
    text ("-He thought that animal" , 50, 320);
    text ("spirits were brought to", 50, 340);
    text ("the brain by the lungs,", 50, 360);
    text ("and that the spirits made", 50, 380);
    text ("the body to function",50,400);
    image (b, 875, 150, b.width/1.25, b.height/1.75);   //Harvey Brain Box
    fill(0, 102, 153);
    textSize(32);
    text ("The Brain", 975, 200);
    fill (0,105,108);
    textSize(24);
    text ("Harvey's research did not", 960, 230);   //Harvey Brain text
    text ("focus on the brain.", 960, 250);

    noLoop();
  }
  else if ((((mouseY>300)&& (mouseY<340) && (mouseX >430) && (mouseX < 445)) || ((mouseY>300)&& (mouseY<340) && (mouseX>490) && (mouseX<510)))
  || (((mouseY > 300) && (mouseY < 360) && (mouseX >760)  && (mouseX < 770)) || ((mouseY > 300)&& (mouseY < 340) && (mouseX > 810) && (mouseX < 820))))
  {
    image (d, 20, 175, d.width/1.25, d.height*1.5);      //Galen Lung Box
    fill(0, 102, 153);
    textSize(32);
    text ("The Lungs", 100,300);
    fill (0,105,108);
    textSize(22);                                              //Galen Lung Text
     text ("-Thought that the body", 50, 330);
     text ("thrived on vital spirts, which" , 50, 350);
     text ("the lungs ontained from", 50, 370);
     text ("the air", 50, 390);
     text ("-Believed the lungs mixed", 50, 420);
     text ("air with blood, and that", 50, 440);
     text ("arteries contained air", 50, 460);
     text ("from the lungs.", 50, 480);
     fill(0, 102, 153);
     textSize(32);
     image (c, 890, 175, c.width/1.25, c.height*1.5);      //Harvey Lung Box
    text ("The Lungs", 950, 300);
     fill (0,105,108);
     textSize(22);
    text ("-The arteries contain blood", 940, 330);      //Harvey Lung Text
    text ("not air.", 940, 350);
   text ("-The red colour of blood", 940, 380);
   text ("from the lungs wasn't", 940, 400);
   text ("caused by aeration.", 940, 420);
   text ("-Blood was the primary", 940, 450);
   text ("source of life, not vital spirits", 940, 470);
    noLoop();
}
  else if ((mouseY>350) && (mouseY<370)){
    image (d, 20, 260, d.width/1.25, d.height*1.2);    //Galen Liver Box
    fill(0, 102, 153);
    textSize (32);
    text ("The Liver", 100,350);
     fill (0,105,108);
     textSize (24);
     text ("-Galen argued that the", 50, 380);         //Galen Liver Text
    text ("liver was created blood", 50, 400);
   text ("for the entire body.", 50, 420);
   text ("-After leaving the liver,", 50, 450);
   text ("blood went to the heart", 50, 470);
   text ("where it was purified and", 50, 490);
   text ("distributed to the body, or", 50, 510);
   text ("imbued with vital spirits.", 50,530);
      fill(0, 102, 153);
      image (c, 905, 260, c.width/1.25, c.height*1.2);  //Harvey Liver Box
      textSize (32);
    text ("The Liver", 980, 360);
     fill (0,105,108);
     textSize (24);
     text ("-Harvey did not see the", 960, 380);  //Harvey Liver Text
     text ("liver as creating blood",955, 400);
    text ("this led to his", 950, 420);
     text ("discovery of the circulation", 950, 440);
     text ("system.", 950, 460);
     text ("-He believed the liver", 950, 490);
     text ("supplied the body with", 950, 510);
     text ("necessary nutrients.", 950,530);

    noLoop();
  }
  else {
    textSize (36);
    text ("Start Exploring Galen and Harvey by moving your mouse over the bodies.", 200,100);
  }
  loop();
}

Processing Code as of March 26, 2009

This version incorporates the body parts changing colour when selected, new bubbles for the brain and humors, and visuals of how Harvey and Galen's ideas would have worked. Still debating over what would be the best way to incorporate the quiz idea into the program. (Would it be best left until the conclusion, or broken up into a question per organ?)

//Date Began : Feburary 10, 2009
//Harvey and Galen Comparisson, Body images set up.

PImage a;
PFont fontA;
PImage G_Heart;  //G = Galen, H = Harvey, CH=Change
PImage G_Heart_CH ;
PImage H_Heart;
PImage H_Heart_CH;
PImage G_Lungs;
PImage G_Lungs_CH;
PImage H_Lungs;
PImage H_Lungs_CH;
PImage G_Liver;
PImage G_Liver_CH;
PImage H_Liver;
PImage H_Liver_CH;
PImage G_Brain;
PImage G_Brain_CH;
PImage H_Brain;
PImage H_Brain_CH;
PImage G_Humours;
PImage H_Humours;
PImage G_Body ;
PImage G_Head;
PImage Harvey;
PImage Splat;
float y = 700.0;
float x = 760;
float y2 = 320;
float b = 450;
float b2 = 400;


void setup() {
  background (0);
  size(screen.width, screen.height);            //display screen adjusts to sceen size, the image is currently center to my screen,
                                                //so not entirely sure if it will shift when opened on a computer with a sceen of a different size.
  fontA = loadFont("Calibri-32.vlw");  //selects font, from one created/saved in sketch folder.
  textFont(fontA, 32);
  a = loadImage("Programming1.png");     // Load the image into the program
  G_Heart = loadImage ("Galen Heart.png");
  G_Heart_CH = loadImage ("Galen Heart Change.png");
  H_Heart = loadImage ("Harvey Heart.png");
  H_Heart_CH = loadImage ("Harvey Heart Change.png");
  G_Lungs = loadImage ("Galen Lungs.png");
  G_Lungs_CH = loadImage ("Galen Lung Change.png");
  H_Lungs = loadImage ("Harvey Lungs.png");
  H_Lungs_CH = loadImage ("Harvey Lung Change.png");
  G_Liver = loadImage ("Galen Liver.png");
  G_Liver_CH = loadImage ("Galen Liver Change.png");
  H_Liver = loadImage ("Harvey Liver.png");
  H_Liver_CH = loadImage ("Harvey Liver Change.png");
  G_Brain = loadImage ("Galen Brain.png");
  G_Brain_CH = loadImage ("Galen Brain Change.png");
  H_Brain = loadImage ("Harvey Brain.png");
  H_Brain_CH = loadImage ("Harvey Brain Change.png");
  G_Humours = loadImage ("Galen Humours.png");
  H_Humours = loadImage ("Harvey Humours.png");
  G_Head = loadImage ("Galen Head.png");
  G_Body = loadImage ("Galen Body.png");
  Harvey = loadImage ("Harvey.png");
  Splat = loadImage ("Splat.png");

}

void draw() {
   image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
    textSize (32);
    fill (250);
    text ("Galen", 440, 150);
    text ("(130-201)",420, 180);
    text ("Harvey", 740, 150);
    text ("(1578-1657)",720, 180);
    text ("Make Harvey Circulate", 900, 600);
    text ("How would Galen's", 30, 600);
    text ("theories work?", 30,620);
    textSize (24);
    text ("Done Exploring?",550, 600);
   text ("Put your", 550, 620);
  text ("knowledge to", 550, 640);
  text ("the test!", 550, 660);
    if ((mouseY >580) && (mouseY<620) && (mouseX> 870) && (mouseX<999)) {
       frameRate(280);
       fill (#050BFF);
       ellipse(760, y, 15, 15);
       ellipse (760, y+20, 15,15);
       ellipse (760, y+40, 15,15);
       y=y-0.5;
   if (y < 300) {
     y= 300;
     background (0);
     image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
     frameRate (280);
     ellipse (x, y, 15,15);
     ellipse (x+20, y,15,15);
     ellipse (x+40, y, 15,15);
     x= x+0.5;
   if (x >813) {
     background (0);
     image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
     text ("Make Harvey Circulate", 900, 600);
     frameRate (180);
     ellipse (817,y2,15,15);
     ellipse (817, y2+20, 15,15);
     ellipse (817, y2+40, 15,15);
     y2 = y2 + 0.5;
    }
   if (y2>700) {
     background (0);
     image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
     text ("Make Harvey Circulate", 900, 600);
    }
   }
}
  if ((mouseY>580) && (mouseY<620) && (mouseX>0) && (mouseX<180)) {
   background (0);
   image(Harvey, 700, 0, Harvey.width/3, Harvey.height/3);
   image (Splat, 430,150,Splat.width/2, Splat.height/2);
   image (G_Head, 290, 15, G_Head.width/3, G_Head.height/3);
   image (G_Body, 20,220, G_Body.width/3, G_Body.height/3);
   text ("Galen's concept of", 30, 300);
   text ("replendishing blood", 30, 330);
   text ("would have created", 30, 360);
   text ("too much blood for", 30, 390);
   text ("the body.  This", 30, 420);
   text ("excess blood would", 30, 450);
   text ("have made people", 30, 480);
   text ("explode", 30, 510);
   frameRate (180);
   fill (#E30724);
    ellipse (b,200,15,15);
    ellipse (b-3,180, 10,10);
   // ellipse (150, b2, 15,15);
    ellipse (400, b-200, 12,12);
    ellipse (550, b-250, 10,10);
    b2 = b+2;
   b = b+0.5;

  }

   else if (((mouseY>310) && (mouseY<350) &&(mouseX>460) &&(mouseX <480))|| ((mouseY>320) && (mouseY<360) && (mouseX>780) && (mouseX<795))){
     background (0);
     image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
     image (G_Heart, 5,0, G_Heart.width/3.2, G_Heart.height/3.5);
     image (H_Heart, 745, 10, H_Heart.width/3, G_Heart.height/3.5);
     image (G_Heart_CH, 340, 220, G_Heart_CH.width /2, G_Heart_CH.height/2);
     image (H_Heart_CH, 670, 220, H_Heart_CH.width /2, H_Heart_CH.height/2);


  }
    else if (((mouseY >200) && (mouseY <210) && (mouseX>460) && (mouseX<480)) ||((mouseY >200) && (mouseY <210) && (mouseX>780) && (mouseX<805))) {
     background (0);
     image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
      image (G_Brain_CH, 380, 135, G_Brain_CH.width /3, G_Brain_CH.height/3);
      image (H_Brain_CH, 690, 130, H_Brain_CH.width /3, H_Brain_CH.height/3);
      image (G_Brain, 0,0, G_Brain.width/3, G_Brain.height/3);
      image (H_Brain, 770,0, G_Brain.width/3, G_Brain.height/2);

  }
  else if ((((mouseY>250)&& (mouseY<350) && (mouseX >420) && (mouseX < 450)) || ((mouseY>250)&& (mouseY<370) && (mouseX>480) && (mouseX<510)))
  || (((mouseY > 250) && (mouseY < 370) && (mouseX >740)  && (mouseX < 770)) || ((mouseY > 300)&& (mouseY < 370) && (mouseX > 810) && (mouseX < 820))))
  {
    background (0);
    image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
    image (G_Lungs, 60, 0, G_Lungs.width/3.55, G_Lungs.height/3.3);
    image (H_Lungs, 775,5, H_Lungs.width/3.95, G_Lungs.height/3.2);
    image (G_Lungs_CH, 365, 250, G_Lungs_CH.width /2.5, G_Lungs_CH.height/2.5);
    image (H_Lungs_CH, 600, 160, H_Lungs_CH.width /2.5, H_Lungs_CH.height/2.5);

    noLoop();
}
  else if (((mouseY>340) && (mouseY<380) && (mouseX>410) && (mouseX<470)) || ((mouseY>340) && (mouseY<380) && (mouseX>730) && (mouseX<780))){
    background (0);
    image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
    image (G_Liver, 0, 0, G_Liver.width/3, G_Liver.height/3.5);
    image (H_Liver, 770,0, H_Liver.width/3, G_Liver.height/3.5);
    image (G_Liver_CH, 360, 270, G_Liver_CH.width /2.5, G_Liver_CH.height/2.5);
    image (H_Liver_CH, 680, 280, H_Liver_CH.width /2.5, H_Liver_CH.height/2.5);
    noLoop ();
    }
   else if (((mouseY >400) && (mouseY <700) && (mouseX>650) && (mouseX<850)) ||  ((mouseY >400) && (mouseY <700) && (mouseX>350) && (mouseX<550))) {
     background (0);
     image(a, 0, 0, a.width/3, a.height/3);
       image (G_Humours, 0, 0, G_Humours.width/4, G_Humours.height/3.5);
    image (H_Humours, 770,0, H_Humours.width/3.5, G_Humours.height/3.5);
   }
   loop ();
}

Some Bubble Samples

I've created a potential bubble that looks more up to par to the pictures that we may want to go with.

Brain bubble sample.pdf

Heart bubble sample.pdf

Galen vs. William Harvey: Post-Exhibit Quiz

1) According to Galen, the arteries contained which of the following?

a) Air
b) Natural spirits
c) Animal spirits
d) Blood

2) To whom was the heart analogous to a “pump,” functioning largely as the “king of the body?”

a) Aristotle
b) Galen
c) William Harvey
d) Fabricius of Aquapendente

3) William Harvey could not quantify the existence of what?

a) Lungs
b) Veins
c) Capillaries
d) Valves

4) Which organ, argued Galen, was responsible for the production of blood in the entire human body?

a) Brain
b) Heart
c) Stomach
d) Liver

5) William Harvey remained a firm intellectual disciple of which classical philosopher?

a) Plato
b) Aristotle
c) Xenophon
d) Thales

6) William Harvey published his discovery of the circulation of the blood in ?

a) On the Motions of the Heart and Blood in Animals
b) De Humani Corpois Farica
c) Thus Spoke Zarathustra
d) How to Win Friends & Influence People

7) To whom was the brain first viewed as the controlling organ of the body?

a) William Harvey
b) Galen
c) Hippocrates
d) Friedrich Nietzsche

8) According to Galen, blood flowed into the heart where it was endowed with _?

a) Air
b) Humors
c) Vital spirits
d) Chyle

9) William Harvey identified what as the primary source of life?

a) Air
b) Black bile
c) Yellow bile
d) Blood

10) The relationship between Galen and Harvey’s understanding of the body can best be characterized as?

a) Continuity and change
b) Identical
c) Stark contrast
d) Unknown

Answer Key

1) a
2) c
3) c
4) d
5) b
6) a
7) b
8) c
9) d
10) a

Text Bubbles

The Heart
The Galen Heart Bubble The Harvey Heart Bubble

The Liver
The Galen Liver Bubble The Harvey Liver Bubble

The Lungs
The Galen Lungs Bubble The Harvey Lungs Bubble

Programming Files w/o Background

Galen HeartHarvey Heart

Galen LiverHarvey Liver

Galen LungsHarvey Lungs

Galen Brain Harvey Brain

Image Change

Here are some samples for the potential image changes that we might make when each body part is selected. In addition to the bubble, we are also hoping to have the body part change its color or look so that it pops more. Feel free to leave a comment.

Here is a brightening technique

Here are two different styles. One is a color change and the other is a odd modification to hue saturation... etc. I'm really just experimenting with all of this.

Harvey Brain Content

Since Harvey did not do any work on the brain, we've decided to use this "bubble" to explain how Harvey's work was controversial, and how he had one foot in Galenic tradition and one in modern science. We felt it was important to communicate that it would have been difficult for Harvey to defy the knowledge he was trained in and that which was accepted in his time.

-Royal physician to King James I and King Charles I
-First in Western medicine to discover the correct function of the circulatory system
-Harvey was trained in Galenic tradition, although his work on the circulatory system defied it; difficult to pursue work that went against prevailing beliefs
-Harvey’s work was criticized often; his ideas were eventually accepted during his lifetime, but they did not impact medicine until much later
-His discoveries were made using controversial method such as vivisection (dissection of live animals), which made his theories difficult for society to accept

Simon’s Notes on the Humours and Harvey/Galen Brain

Galen and the Four Humours

• Similar to the four natural elements, earth, air, fire, water, Galen believed the human body to be made up of four humours, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood.
• The four humours, circulating in the body, affected the nature of the human temperament and in turn its relation to the outward appearance of the individual.
• These humours, in a healthy individual, were to be kept in perfect balance by the body and as such were central to Galen’s understanding of human physiology.

Harvey and the Four Humours

• The relationship of the four humours to the body has often been compared to that of a perfect circle, harmonious, complimentary and cyclical.
• The idea of "circles" forms the background to some of Harvey's concept.
• Harvey emphasizes the blood as vital to the proper understanding and functioning of the body, perhaps above all other fluids.

Galen on the Brain

• Galen was the first to view the brain as the controlling organ of the body.
• He thought that spirits were brought to the brain by the lungs and that these spirits made the body function.
• WE MAY WANT TO ADD: The spirit was carried to the brain, where it was further changed into a second kind of pneuma (air/spirit), the Animal Spirit, which was conveyed to, different parts of the body by the nerves.

Harvey on the Brain

• Harvey focused entirely on the sovereignty of the heart including its independence from the brain.
• The heart contained blood, life, sensation, motion, and was present before either the brain or the liver was in being.
• "The heart, like the prince in a kingdom, in whose hands lie the chief and highest authority, rules over all; it is the original and foundation from which all power is derived, on which all power depends in the body."

Here are the Galen/Harvey Organ Image Change Files

Galen Heart Harvey Heart

Galen Liver Harvey Liver

Galen Lung Harvey Lung

Here are the two bubbles explaining the Humoral understanding.

Galen's TheoryHarvey's Theory

Harvey & Galen: Smartboard Synopsis

Presentation Day

Harvey the Observer

Projection Arm Display Brainstorm Session - November 12, 2008

-Projection on the arm.
-tube, box, uniform projection surface, visibility for bystanders
-possibility of manipulating the surface
-use of webcam to size arm and fit display to it
-on/off switch—manipulated by participant
-stand for projector—possible use of plumbing tubing
-Laptop display
-supplementing arm projection,
-possibility of interaction between physical arm and projection arm.
-idea of vein movement as the next function. Letters coming down a vein to create explanations, tumbleoff upon pressing next. Changing colour based on coming and going—blue and red.

Various Ideas:
-operation game
-surgical experience
-Harvey tourniquet –importing picture into processing and inkscape, to manipulate the picture.
-use of sign cutter, for an engraving. 24inch long sticker that looks like the Harvey illustration,attached to whiteboard and then use projection on the whiteboard.
-low tech options: pop-up book, voyage of the circulatory system.
-possibility of using open source graphics
-use of google image—3rd art project, using clay, tubing, led lightshttp://www.daviddarling.info/images/circulatory_system.jpg

Script:
-participants told what to do, step by step.
-touch start and stop
-next button on arduino switch
-processing running on laptop, controls projector and display on computer. —possibility of using twodesktops, as projection and computer screen need to be different.

Involvement of entire exhibit:
-movement of people as the circulatory system—creating something on the larger display
-video camera seeing each individual person, each person as a vessel or something similar. Tracking movement though circulatory system.
-sound effects—one theme throughout possibility
-tracking of heart rate of throughout the exhibit—possibly a standardized heart rate to prevent people from freaking out.

Feedback from 14 Jan 2009 Meeting

-Problem of using two projectors and of projecting on to a 90 degree angle, people walking in front of the beam etc. —maybe using a monitor to display the extra info
-White foam or white cardboard over white plastic because of the expense factor.
-idea of using ABS piping.

Feedback from 28 Jan 2009 Meeting

-Majority of the discussion focusing on the way in which the exhibit should be displayed. As the original idea of projecting directly onto the arm area is not possible.
-Veins—different possibilities for incorporating interaction. Veins with buttons, hiding the buttons under the picture (possibly interface issue), using pressure sensors etc.
-Emphasis should be on the software/code/simulation development at this point.
-Orientation of arm and screen, using arm box idea again, interaction based.—Problem being this focuses more on the patient's experience, when we want to emphasize the experience of Harvey.
-Possibility of two person exhibit—patient and doctor roles, presenter being the patient in the case of a lone visitor. Would require a rethinking of the layout, the screen orientation and physical space. Maybe making it a two person exhibit that can easily transform into a one person activity.
-To work on this as a one person exhibit for now, and discuss with reviewers the possibility of two people.

Illustrations - Meili

Forearm Veins and Valves in De Moto Cordis

Figure 1 shows the distended veins in the forearm and the position of valves when the arm is congested.

Figure 2 demonstrating the inflow direction of the blood flowing in veins by pressing one finger on the vein and expelling the blood toward the heart. It turns out that the vein won't fill until the finger is released

Figure 3 shows function of valves which prevent the blood from flowing backward.

Here is a version of the arm that can be cut on the vinyl sign cutter harvey-arm.bmp

Some changes of flow of blood in veins - Meili

Veins have some interesting changes during different body movements.

Resting supine: the return of blood along the veins to the heart is largely a passive process. Sufficient pressure is transmitted from arteries through capillaries to veins to provide an adequate pressure for venous return.

Standing: blood distends the dependent veins and the return is decreased.

Physical exercise, particularly involving the legs: they causes an increase in the flow of blood into the leg veins, acting as an auxiliary pump mechanism to enhance the return of blood to the heart. when the heart is beating a little faster, it will also influence the flow of the blood in veins in the arm.

Related parts of body in blood circulation - Meili

Muscles: Veins possess valves and many run deeply in the limbs, surrounded by muscles. Rhythmic movements, as when walking or running, cause alternate muscle tensing and relaxing. During the relaxing phase blood flows into the veins between the muscles, distending them. When the muscle then contracts the veins are compressed, so blood is forced along them. The valves ensure that blood can only move towards the heart. A contracting muscle also produces several chemicals which are the end products of its metabolic activity. These ‘metabolites’ act directly on the resistance vessels (arterioles), dilating them and thus regulating blood flow so that it is appropriate for the level of activity. Although sympathetic nerves do supply muscle blood vessels, they control only the resting blood flow and play no part in the response to exercise. At rest, flow in all muscles comprises only about 1 litre/min out of the cardiac output of 5 litres/min. During exercise, if cardiac output increases to 25 litres/min, 20 litres of this goes to the working muscles.

Skin: Blood flow to the skin is controlled by the mechanisms of temperature regulation. If local skin temperature or general body temperature rises, skin vessels, including special arterio-venous shunt vessels, dilate to increase skin blood flow and thereby increase skin temperature and facilitate cooling. Skin flow is controlled partly by nerves and partly by direct local temperature effects (warm hands are red). During very cold conditions blood flow to the entire skin is almost completely cut off. During extreme heat, flow may increase to the extent that most of the output of the heart flows through the skin.

Research

Reasons Harvey believed blood circulates in the body: Melissa

Based on William Harvey’s Work, On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals

•Harvey believed that blood is transmitted in such a quantity through the body that it would not be possible for the body to produce and supply such a quantity.

•Veins return this blood to the heart from parts and members of the body

•“blood circulates, revolves, propelled and then returning, from the heart to the extremities, from the extremities to the heart, and thus that it performs a circular motion” 87

•Harvey illustrates that in a half an hour the heart will have made more than one thousand beats. Harvey through multiplying the number of beats per half hour times the amount of blood, that he measured in drachms, propelled by the heart with each beat, Harvey determined that one thousand half ounces or one thousand times three drachms would be propelled during that time period. Harvey then states that this would be more blood than would be present in the entire body therefore it would not be possible for the body to produce a constant supply of new blood it only makes sense that the blood would circulate through the body.

Text Panel Arm Projection Melissa

1. One of William Harvey’s main discoveries was that blood circulates through the body. The force of the heart on the blood pumps the blood through all the veins in the body and back to the heart.

2. To illustrate this, you can now see the blood proceeding down the arm and then returning upwards making its way back to the heart.

3. In order to prove his theory Harvey created observable experiments. He tied a turnkey around the arm. This allowed veins to become more visible and to swell. He also observed that by tensing the arm veins also became swelled and hence, more observable.

4. Within these conditions Harvey proceeded to disrupt blood flow in the arm by stopping the flow of blood by placing his finger on the vein.

5. As you can see this disrupted blood flow. Notice how before the blockage the veins and arteries fill up with blood and after the blockage the veins become less swelled and less visible due to the lack of blood. When a finger is released the blood continues on its way.

6. As Harvey’s experiment further demonstrates the progression of the blood through the arm is proved by its movement from one point to another as the fingers are removed and passage for the flow of blood is open.

Steps of Harvey's Arm Experiment from On the Motion of the Heart and blood in Animals by William Harvey - Melissa

Tie a tourniquet around the arm just above the elbow
The veins will swell and become distended and bulges or knots will become visable along the veins. Harvey refered to these elevations as valves.
Place your finger on the inferior vein. This refers to the vein which is on the inside of the arm closest to the body. Notice how the vein seems to disapear after the point on the vein where the finger is placed as it is becomming emptied of blood.
Now that the blood has been pressed out and the vein is empty apply a second finger to the distended vein about 3cm from the first finger and right above the valve. This will create a section of emptied vein but the valve in between the two fingers will remain swolen
No matter how much pressure you apply to the valve you will find that you cannot force any blood past the valve and into the emptied vein. You will notice instead that the valve will only become more swolen. Thus, the valves serve the function similar to the sigmond valves of the aorta and pulmonary artery which is to prevent the reflux of blood.
Beginning again place one finger on the vein. You will notice the veins will become swolen. By placing a second finger on the vein where the veins are distended you will notice the veins are still swolen before the blockage although between the two fingers the veins become empty. Further by removing one finger, the emptied area of vein between the two fingers again fills with blood. This proves the flow of blood in one direction away from and back to the heart. While the valves are seen to regulate the floow of blood in the body acting as dams.

These steps correspond to Harvels arm figures. When Harvey was explaining the experiment he refered to the arm drawings and in the book On the Motion of Heart and Blood in Animals he used 4 figures of the arm to explain the experiment. Figure 4 shows the flow of blood in one direction

Harvey's Arm Figures - Melissa

Development of Harvey's Arm Experiment in Processing - Vicky

Version 1:

The above is one version of the Harvey arm that I've programmed so far in Processing. Blue "blood" moves from right to left in the top vein; red "blood" moves from left to right in the bottom artery. The opposing movement actually occurs continuously in the code but *appears* as if it happens only once because of the "opaque" settings of the code responsible for the colour. (Version two is an attempt to show continuous movement, but the tradeoff is that colour quality/opacity is compromised.)

In case any programmer (or anyone else) is interested in seeing the code and would like to run the program in Processing, I've copied and pasted it below. Just a few notes:

1) In order to see the Harvey arm template as shown in the above image, the svg (Scalable Vector Graphics) file entitled "moo4.svg" has to be first added to the data folder of the Processing sketch. To add this svg file (which I believe requires you to have Inkscape installed), first save it to your computer with the same file name (I've uploaded it below); then in Processing click on "Sketch" in the menu, followed by "Add file". Select the corresponding file and click "Open". The file should now be added to your sketch (there'll be a note at the bottom of the screen that confirms that one file has been added). This process can be used to add not only SVG files, but images (ending with the file extension .jpg, .png, and .gif.).

2) The SVG file is a tracing of Harvey's arm image, which was done using the bezier curves tool in Inkscape after the image, in .bmp format, was uploaded into Inkscape. I simply uploaded the svg file into Processing; however, there should be a way to also copy and paste the bezier curve coordinates of the traced image itself from the XML code in Inkscape; this code could then be pasted into Processing, which might then get rid of the irregular black shading in the template (though some people have told me the shading gives an "abstract art" feel to the image). I have not yet figured out how to transfer the bezier curve coordinates from the svg file into Processing....am still looking into this. If any other programmer figures this out, please share the wisdom. :)

WJT: I have some notes on how to do it here

3) I am sure the code below could be written more concisely; I have condensed it as best as I could (it was a lot worse to begin with, lol!). Some of it seems repetitive, simply because I coded the vein and artery using repeat line patterns. I tried to use "iteration" to duplicate the pattern and shorten the code but got strange results...

4) Anything with two backslashes // indicates an internal comment, rather than programming code.

moo4.svg

Anyways, here is the code:

import processing.candy.*;
import processing.xml.*;

SVG m;

float vein = 1245.0;
float artery = 450.0;

void setup(){
  size(1400,1000);
  background(255);
  // The file "moo4.svg" must be in the data folder
  // of the current sketch to load successfully
  m = new SVG(this, "moo4.svg");
  m.drawMode(CENTER);
  int x=520;
  int y=465;
  //vein = connecting "V" lines
  line(x-75, y-45, x, y);
  line(x-75, y-35, x-15, y+5);
  line(x-15, y+5, x-75, y+35);
  line(x-75, y+45, x, y+10);
  // vein - upper pattern
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
   x=x+80;
  line(x, y, x+60, y);
  line(x+60, y, x+65, y-5);
  line(x+65, y-5, x+75, y-5);
  line(x+75, y-5, x+80, y);
  //vein - lower pattern
  int a=520;
  int b=475;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
  a=a+80;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
  a=a+80;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
  a=a+80;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
  a=a+80;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
  a=a+80;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
  a=a+80;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
  a=a+80;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
   a=a+80;
  line(a, b, a+60, b);
  line(a+60, b, a+65, b+5);
  line(a+65, b+5, a+75, b+5);
  line(a+75, b+5, a+80, b);
  line(a+80, b, a+85, b);
  //artery
  int c = 420;
  int d = 515;
  //artery - upper pattern
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  c=c+80;
  line(c, d, c+60, d);
  line(c+60, d, c+65, d-5);
  line(c+65, d-5, c+75, d-5);
  line(c+75, d-5, c+80, d);
  line(c+80, d, c+125, d);
  //artery - lower pattern
  int e = 420;
  int f = 525;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  e=e+80;
  line(e, f, e+60, f);
  line(e+60, f, e+65, f+5);
  line(e+65, f+5, e+75, f+5);
  line(e+75, f+5, e+80, f);
  line(e+80, f, e+125, f);
}

void draw(){
  m.draw(width/2, height/2);
  vein = vein - 2.0;
  artery = artery + 2.0;
  fill(0, 255, 255, 150);
   //stroke(250, 255, 255, 220);
   noStroke();
   ellipse(vein, 470, 8, 8);
   fill(255, 50, 50, 150);
   //stroke(250, 255, 255, 150);
   ellipse(artery, 520, 8, 8);
   if (vein < 510.0){
     vein = 1245.0;
    }
   if (artery > 1250.0){
      artery = 450.0;
   }
 }

Version 2:

The above is a second version of the Harvey arm. Because the blue and red "blood" only appear to move once through the vein and artery in the first version, I tried to show continual movement in the second version. The best I could do was to make a blue and red circle (or "ellipse" in programming lingo) move through the vein and artery continuously, after they are initially filled with colour. In this version, the colour of the "blood" is much more transparent compared to the first version, so is not as visually striking...to make it opaque, however, conceals visualization of movement. I am still pondering how else to show continous movement. If any programmer has suggestions, please let me know. :)

The code for the second version is nearly identical to the code for the first. The only differences lie in the "void draw" section of the code, as follows:
1) Put two back slashes in front of the "noStroke();" line in order to deactivate that line in the program.
2) Remove the back slashes in front of the following two lines in order to activate them in the program:

 "//stroke(250, 255, 255, 220);"
 "//stroke(250, 255, 255, 150);"

William Harvey Arm Project Melissa

William Harvey through a series of observable experiments concluded that blood circulates throughout the body, thus greatly contributing to our understanding of circulation.

In order to usher in this new understanding of circulation, Harvey would need to disprove Galen’s theory that blood is produced in the liver and is then consumed by the body. In order to accomplish this Harvey observed how much blood is passed through the heart each day. His experiment took into account the capacity of the heart, how much blood is expelled with each pump of the heart and the amount of times the heart beats in a given time. He then projected these numbers over one day and discovered that in order to fit Galen’s theory the liver would need to produce 540 pounds of blood per day to satisfy this theory. Harvey then states that this would be more blood than would be present in the entire body; therefore, it would not be possible for the body to produce such a large supply of new blood; instead it only makes sense that the blood would circulate in the body.

In Harvey’s model the blood is pumped by the heart to all parts of the body and is returned again through the veins and the process is repeated in a circular motion.

Upon discovering circulation Harvey wished to further understand his new paradigm so he created a series of observable experiments which explained and predicted the flow of blood in the body.

Harvey tied a tourniquet around the arm so the veins would swell and become distended. This revealed the valves that were discovered by his teacher Hieronymus Fabricius. Harvey realized through experimentation that the purpose of valves were to control and regulate the flow of blood in the body and to prevent the reflux of blood. Through a series of experiments he blocked blood flow by placing his fingers on the veins and then removed the fingers and allowed blood to flow again.

He concluded that blood flows in only one direction, the valves regulate the flow of blood and thus, Harvey came to an understanding of the behaviour of the blood in the body.

Transferring the Image of the Arm onto Material - Kalyna

I purchased the transfer paper and some material, altered the image of the arm in photoshop, and this is how it came out.

Arduino Coding for Three buttons - Sarah

// Code for sensing a switch status and writing the value to the serial port
int button1 = 4; // Switch connected to pin 4
int button2 = 12; //Switch connected to pin 9
int button3 = 7; //Switch connected to pin 7

void setup() {

pinMode(button1, INPUT); // Set pin 0 as an input

Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication at 9600 bps

}
void loop() {

if (digitalRead(button1) == HIGH) { // If switch is ON

Serial.print(1); } // send 1 to Processing

else if (digitalRead(button2) == HIGH) { //If switch 2 is ON

Serial.print (2); } //send 2 to processing

else if (digitalRead (button3) == HIGH) { // If switch 3 is ON

Serial.print (3); //send 3 to processing

} else { //If the switch is not ON

Serial.print (0); // send 0 to Processing

}

delay(100); // Wait 100 milliseconds

}

Some details for Vicky by Meili

1. There are valves in veins, but no valves in arteries. The reason is as following:

Blood flow through arterial system is pressure driven. The heart pushes the blood outward to the peripheral parts of the body. By contrast, the venous system is a low pressure system and the return of the blood to the heart is the result of contractions of surrounding muscle tissue. When you walk you are also helping return blood from the venous system. Since the movement is mostly passive the valves in the veins serve to keep the flow of blood in one direction. If you squeeze a water balloon the water goes in both directions. Don't want that in the veins.

Harvey never mentioned whether there are valves in arteries, but just mentioned valves in veins and its function.

2. Valves:
Fabricious discovered that the veins have valves, but he did not understand their function. He believe that they delayed the flow of blood and thereby, prevented flooding of extremities of the body.

3. Galen's theory about blood circulation:
Galen demonstrated that the arteries also contain blood. He believed that blood was formed in the liver, and from there it moved through the veins to the various parts of the body. Some of the blood went to the right ventricle of the heart, where it became divided to the lungs, and other passed through minute pores in the septum to the left ventricle, and then entered the aota, from where it reached the lungs and other parts of the body. The venous blood nourished the body, and arterial blood carried a vital spirit bestowed on it in the heart from air, which entered through the lungs. The atria were not significant parts of the hearts, but were considered to be extensions of large blood vessels.
So it is a back-forth movement. The blood was propelled by the vessels through which it passed, and sloshed back and forth through the body.
It works like this: The mouth, nostrils, and trachea inhale air, and by an opposite movement the air is exhaled through the same channels.

Feedback - Rob

Bill - Suggested that text should be short and larger for those with short attention spans.

- Differentiate content/message from instructions (either through bold, italic or underlined text)

- Speed up the flow of the veins.

Jeff - Make the dowel horizontal.

- Find some way of simulating a turnicate.

- Use 'bite sized' portions of text.

- Find a way to let people know where they are at in the experiment (step 1 of 5 etc...)

- Code in a lapse of 20 - 30 seconds between graphics/content & instructions for next step.

Paul - Try to find some way of animating the instructions for pressing on our virtual valves (possibly through graphics or video)

- Suggested presenting the text in the form of narrated audio.

Shelley - Suggested titling the exhibit 'Harvey the Observer: Proof that Blood Circulates'. This would be in order to let the participant know what they will be learning.

- Simulate a turnicate.

- Find a way to incorporate audio.

Code for the Final Version of the Arm Program in Processing - Vicky

Descriptive_Code.doc

As part of the process in revising my code for the arm program, Bill suggested that I come up with a descriptive code "in English" first which would show the logic of the different segments that the program would consist of and help guide the revisions for the Processing program. I've attached the descriptive code above. Below, I've attached a file which shows the actual code for the final version of the arm program.

Arm_Program.txt

Harvey's World

Feedback, 14 Jan 2009 Meeting

-Need for less text, keeping in mind the attention span of the audience. Maybe using the newspaper trick—the title and first sentence explain all the important information.
-Physical concerns: how does the black dot trigger the screen? What happens when you lift the person off the dot?
-Need for an instructions page at beginning, should be limited to one screen, and include lots of pictures.

Feedback, 28 Jan 2009 Meeting

-Working with foam core—problem making curves, possibility of using white corrugated board as it may be easier to construct curves.
-Wood coloured mac tack for deatiling, vs. printing picture
-Look on flickr for pictures of the architecture of the theater.
-Heather to ask about bulk products.
-Figurine—someone needs to be assigned to this task. Making it out of clay type material, possibly using cookie cutout shape.
-Need to make sure the cardboard template is built in a way that will allow it to be taken apart—eg. masking tape.
-Possibility of moving a programming/hardware person to the group, in the mean time Heather is working on this aspect.

Original Text Panels

The Student

William Harvey began his university studies at Cambridge in England. Medical students first learned the seven standard medieval subjects: logic, poetry, rhetoric, arithmetic, music, astronomy and geometry with theology as a unifying theme. Cambridge students often awoke at 5 am and had a full day of going to Chapel, hearing lectures and studying. Medical students were often send abroad to finish their studies, and the University of Padua in Italy was among the best medical schools, specifically due to their anatomical dissections.

Sixteenth century students had many of the same concerns as modern students. Many were far from home, and depended on letters of credit to support themselves. Residences were occasionally available, but students often lived together in rented housing and would hire a maid to cook and clean. Some students even boarded with professors, through which they could gain private lessons. As for extracurricular activities, Harvey was voted Councillor of the English in Padua, meaning he represented the English students on the school board. Padua had a more secular feel than Cambridge and had a varied student population. This could cause problems, however, and often fights would break out between students from different countries. Harvey himself carried a dagger with him, perhaps only for self-defence.

The Body

In order to effectively study the human body, scientists, medical students and teachers needed specimens to study. In many places, such as England and Italy, recently hanged criminals were donated to universities. However, depending on the country, only two to four bodies were given each year. Vesalius, and others like him, resorted to illegally stealing bodies from boneyards and the gallows. Harvey studied humans when he could, but when the supply ran short he began to dissect animals. Cold-blooded animals were better to study, according to Harvey, because their hearts beat slower and longer after death.

The Anatomist

While at Padua, Harvey studied under Fabricius Aquapendant. Like many anatomists of his day, Fabricius was heavily influenced by Galenic theory. Although Galen’s theories about the anatomical structure of the body had been discredited as early as 1543 with the publication of the book ‘De Humani Coporis Fabrica’ by Fabricius’ own instructor Andres Vesalius, anatomists were still reluctant to abandon Galenic theories regarding the physiology of the body. It is possible that Fabricius could have discovered the circulatory system had Galenic theory not been so influential in his work.

Comments from Presentation - February 25, 2009

Paul:
- Would like more interactivity – perhaps something visual (animation) or even audio – if the text were narrated
- Would like something a little more engaging – even something like power point where it moves the text in a visual way – simply a screen is boring and will loose people’s interest

Shelly
- inconsistent picture – too modern picture – would be better to have a historic picture of Cambridge
- even a picture of Padua would be great – got excited about this
- what should the operating theatre be showing? Shelly not clear on what it is that we’re providing – need to make it more obvious that the training at Padua contributed to how Harvey became Harvey … the idea that this was his actual training
- were there challenges that he faced in his early training? Does going to Padua make him smarter? Or a better physician?
- Can discuss how this training affected him later in life; did it help him deal with the controversies of later life?
- If message is that this environment shaped Harvey later, make it more clear as to how it impacted him – how did he learn from the body, the anatomist, or the student? Need to discuss more clearly the impact of each of the positions
- Need to make it more convincing that Padua was more influential than other places at the time – the actual dissections need to be highlighted – need to focus on the idea that Padua was a more secular area
- Use of lights and spot lights to follow the text
- Questions with flop down boxes – who would these people have been? (Could be in the introductory screen) – drop down or interactive boxes could have the quirky text that can’t fit in the actual slide
- How many students would there have been in the theatre for instance?

Jeff
- likes the idea that the screen will revert back to the introduction
- prefers the idea of a couple of slides – time it to see how long the reading takes and come up with an average time – will add some animation and motion – gives a little bit more interaction
- likes the idea of a cartoon – something more interactive or engaging
- first slide could be a view of what the person might see from the perspective of the student – would see the operating table
- could tie in with something going on today – mental images of the operating theatre – comparison of the ancient and the modern operating theatres – tie the common pool of knowledge together
- circle of LEDs to make it clear as to where they should go next – can then script the presentation for people to follow. Might make the programming a little easier – lights up the next spot (metal contact point in the middle)

Photos of the Prototype for the Operating Theater

Construction of Prototype and the Model

The Heart and Mechanical Philosophy

Krista's notes for meeting of 12 Nov 2008

Portray the heart as a mechanical object, but the rest of the body as flesh and blood. Metallic model of the heart, moving parts in the heart.
Possibility of putting ardino in heart and connecting it to a screen reacting to movement. Heart placed in some kind of flesh body. Clock based gears.
Circulation system inclusion possibility—use of piping as valves.
Feedback

what mechanical would have meant to Harvey—clockwork mechanism in mind, but he is talking about a fluid mechanical system that is not at all gear like.
more movement in gears direction.
video of how a real heart works, and a model which people can play with that highlight Harvey's ideas.
problem of projecting our version of mechanical on the past—Descartes idea of mechanical.
Feedback from 14 Jan 2009 meeting

-possibility of cutting nerf ball apart. —those near dollar store to look for cheap toys to test out.
-sensitivity levels, one side is stronger than the other.
-testing different heart shaped squeezeable interfaces
-hard outside, squishy stuff on the inside—material heart
-discussion of including the heart in a representation of the body.

Feedback from 28 Jan 2009 Meeting

-Problem of finding a foam ball addressed, this will eventually be turned into a more sophisticated model.
-Thicker foam on one side to deal with pressure.
-Slow vs. fast heart beat appearing on screen.
-Need to make sure that everyone in the group has something to work on, speak up if you feel you need more or less to do!

Notes - Group Presentation - 25 February 2009

-add a tactile element to the heart, a pager modem
-if possible make one button harder to push, harder foam or tighter spring
-aid to simulate the heartbeat
-add sound effect, when the heart dies
-include a flashier graph for the heart beat
-make the model more 3-D
-suggested sign "Keep it Alive"
-record or track the highest score
-consider the take away message, Harvey learned by experimentation
-suggested sign "Save the Heart."
Lois's notes.

Foam Heart